In the West, if a person is thought to have TB, skin and blood tests are usually the first diagnostic tests conducted, and if they generate a positive result, chest X-rays are taken, usually indicating that the patient has a latent infection. If the patient experiences night sweats, loss of weight and a persistent cough, then a sputum culture from the lung is sent off for testing. The sputum culture is the diagnostic “gold standard” used worldwide to confirm an active TB infection.
Kids often have trouble producing sputum, so instead they inhale droplets of saline, which can help them cough up phlegm from their lower airway.
Getting a result from a TB sputum culture test takes at least three weeks. Newer tests could decrease the time-to-result to a few hours, though in practice, the turnaround time is usually a few days. This time lag is one reason why up to 40 percent of patients who are tested never return to the clinic to learn the result.
When a person is diagnosed with TB, they’ll begin treatment with antibiotics. The standard therapy is a daily cocktail of antibiotics for at least six months.
While drug resistance in most countries hovers around a few percent of all TB cases reported (which is still noteworthy), some places, such as Russia, report that drug-resistant TB makes up a whopping rate of 19 percent of total cases.
However, some strains of TB are becoming resistant to standard therapies. Globally an estimated 480,000 people developed drug-resistant TB in 2014. People infected with drug-resistant TB undergo a daily, painful injection plus daily oral, toxic drug cocktails for at least 18 months.
Even with treatment, if you are infected with extremely drug-resistant TB, the risk of dying can be greater than 70 percent at five years after a full course or treatment, far worse than Ebola and most cancers.



